The body of the article has been divided into three segments (see table of contents) of about equal size. This preliminary section includes the full Contents, List of Illustrations, and Index. All parts are fully interlinked. In the body text, each heading links back to the next higher heading, and so on back to the top of each file.

Orthography is briefly described early in the article. Note in particular the vowels ɐ and ǝ (inverted a and e); both are rare. The inconsistent use of ĸ and ρ, especially in material quoted from other sources, is not explained. The letter ĸ (kra) is equivalent to q in modern (ICI) orthography; ρ (Greek rho) may represent r or voiced/nasalized q.

Contents
List of Illustrations

pages 19-150 (separate file)
pages 150-294 (separate file)
pages 294-end (separate file)

General Index

Typographical errors are shown in the text with mouse-hover popups, and are listed again at the end of each file. General notes on errors and inconsistencies are at the end of this file. The Franz Boas article “The Central Eskimo” is available from Project Gutenberg as etext 42084.

# ETHNOLOGICAL RESULTS
OF THE
POINT BARROW EXPEDITION.

## BY
JOHN MURDOCH,

Naturalist and Observer, International Polar Expedition to
Point Barrow, Alaska, 1881-1883.

1

MAP
of
NORTHWESTERN ALASKA

Showing the region known to the Point Barrow Eskimo

Based on the U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey
map of Alaska, 1884, with additions from the U.S.C. & G.S.
“General Chart of Alaska” 1889, and from Eskimo account.
Eskimo names given in the form used at Point Barrow
Names of “tribes” underlined thus Kûñmûdliñ

Compiled by JOHN MURDOCH

1889

5

### CONTENTS.

9

### ILLUSTRATIONS.

Many illustrations have labels showing scale: 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, up to 1/23. What you see may be a little bigger or smaller, but all images should be proportional. The ruler shows the printed size.

18

The Hunting Grounds
of the
Point Barrow Eskimo

Based on Lieut. P. H. Ray’s “Map of
Explorations in Northwestern Alaska,”
Signal Service, U.S.A. 1885
Completed by
John Murdoch

## INDEX.

All Index entries refer to items in separate files. Links lead to the top of their respective pages. Note that within each entry, subheads are generally listed in page order rather than alphabetical order.

A B C D E F G H I J K L
M N O P Q R S T U V W

A.

Adornment by Eskimo 138, 140-149

Adzes of the Eskimo, general description 165-172

of steel or iron 165-166, 168, 171

of jade 166-168, 170

of bone 168-172

Amulets of the Eskimo, how carried 434

whales of glass, wood, and stone 435-436

reindeer antler 436

parts of various animals 437-438, 441

ancient weapons and implements 438, 439

stones 437

of seal skin for catching fowls 439

of dried bees 440

Animals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-59

Apúya. (See Snow-houses of Eskimo.)

Arm clothing of Eskimo 123-125

Arrows of the Eskimo 201-207

Art of the Eskimo, incised patterns 389-391

painting 390-392

carving in various materials 392

carvings of human figures 373-398

carvings of quadrupeds 398-401, 406-407

carvings of walrus and seal 401-402

carvings of whales 402-406

carvings of various objects 406-409

pencil drawings 410

Automatons of the Eskimo 372-373

Awls of the Eskimo 181, 182

B.

Bags, for tobacco 68-69

for tools 187-190

Bailer for Eskimo umiak 340, 341

Baird, Spencer F., acknowledgments to 19, 20

Baskets of the Eskimo 326-327

Beads of the Eskimo 149

Bear, Eskimo lance for hunting 240

Bear arrows of the Eskimo 202

Beechey, Frederick W., work consulted 21

description of Eskimo bracer 210

description of Eskimo seal dart 218

cited on Eskimo seal nets 252

description of Eskimo umiak 343

cited on Eskimo superstitions 434

Beggary among Point Barrow Eskimo 42

Belt fasteners of Eskimo 138

Belts of Eskimo 135-138

Bessels, Emil, acknowledgments to 20

description of Eskimo lamp 108

cited on Eskimo bows 199

cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290

cited on Eskimo dog sledges 360

cited on Eskimo abduction 411

cited on infantcide among Eskimo 417

cited on Eskimo children 419

cited on Eskimo mourning 425

Bird-darts of the Eskimo 210-214

Birds of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 56-58

Eskimo bolas for catching 244-246

Blubber-holder for Eskimo lamp 108-109

Blubber hooks for the Eskimo 310-311

Blubber rooms of Point Barrow Eskimo 76

Boas, Franz, acknowledgments to 20

work consulted 21

cited on Eskimo harpoons 221

cited on Eskimo kaiaks 331

cited on Eskimo umiaks 338

cited on Eskimo jackstones 365

cited on Eskimo customs concerning childbirth 415

Bolas of the Eskimo 244-246

Bone-crushers of the Eskimo 93-99

Boots of Eskimo 129-135

Borers of the Eskimo 175-182

Bow and arrow making by the Eskimo 291-294

Bow cases of the Eskimo 207-209

Bowls, for meat, of the Eskimo 89

Bows of the Eskimo 195-200

Boxes of the Eskimo, for tools 185-187

for harpoon heads 247-251

for trinkets 323-326

Bracelets of the Eskimo 148-149

Bracers for Eskimo bows 209-210

Braiding and twisting, Eskimo implements for 311-312

Breeches of Eskimo 125-129

Buckets of the Eskimo 86-88

Builders’ tools of the Eskimo 302-304

Burials, Eskimo, manner of preparing the corpse 424

implements of the deceased buried with him 424, 426

protection of corpse from animals 425

disposal of the corpse 425-426

mourning for the dead 425

cremation of the dead 426

dog’s head placed near child’s grave 426

C.

Cache frames, for storage of property by Point Barrow Eskimo 75-76

sleds used for 82

Calls, for decoying seal 253-254

Canteens of the Eskimo 86

Carvings of the Eskimo 393-409

“Chiefs” of the Eskimo 429-430

Childbirth, Eskimo customs of 86, 414-415

Children, number of, among the Point Barrow Eskimo 38-39

Eskimo, number of births of 38-39, 414, 419

isolation of mother during birth of 86, 415

toys of 376-383

dolls of 380-381

sports of 383-385

term of nursing 415

method of carrying during infancy 415-416

infanticide 416-417

affection of parents for 417-419

rearing and education of 417-418

amusements of 417

adoption of 419

given away by parents 419

burial of 426-427

Chisels of the Eskimo 172-173

Climate of Point Barrow, Alaska 30-32

Clothing of Eskimo at Point Barrow, material of 109-110

style of 110-138

head clothing 112

frocks, description of 113-121

frocks, trimming of 114, 119

mantles 121-122

rain frocks 122

mittens 123, 125

arm clothing 128-125

gloves 124

leg and foot clothing 128-135

breeches 125-129

pantaloons 126-129

stockings 129

boots 129-135

shoes 129-135

ice-creepers 135

belts 135-138

belt-fasteners 138

ornaments 138

Club, used as Eskimo weapon 191

Clubhouse, or kû´dyĭgi of Eskimo 79-80

Coal of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 61

Combs, Eskimo 149-150, 189

for dressing deerskins 300, 301

Communal house of east Greenlanders 76

Cook, James, works consulted 21

description of Eskimo houses by 78

Cooking among the Point Barrow Eskimo 63

Crantz, David, work consulted 21

cited on Eskimo saws 174

cited on Eskimo bows 199

cited on Eskimo harpoons 222, 243

cited on seal catching by Greenlanders 256

cited on whale catching by Greenlanders 275, 276

cited on Eskimo fishing 284

cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290

cited on Eskimo umiak 337, 338

cited on condition of Greenland widows 414

cited on mode of carrying Eskimo infants 416

cited on Eskimo burials 426, 427

quoted on Eskimo amulets 437-440

Cremation of the dead by Eskimo 426

Crotches for harpoon in Eskimo umiak 341-343

Cups of Eskimo 101

Cups, scraper, for dressing skins 299-300

D.

Daggers of bone of the Eskimo 191-192

Dall, William H., acknowledgments to 20

works consulted 21

description of Eskimo houses by 76, 78

cited on Eskimo clothing 125

cited on Eskimo labrets 143, 144, 145, 146, 148

cited on Eskimo seal nets 252

cited on customs of Eskimo whale fishing 274

cited on Eskimo fishing 286

cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290

cited on Eskimo umiak 344

cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352

cited on Eskimo sledges 357

cited on Eskimo masks 370

cited on Eskimo dance 376

cited on Eskimo music 389

cited on personal habits of Eskimo 421

cited on mortuary customs of Eskimo 424, 425, 427

Davis, John, works consulted 21, 22

description of Eskimo house by 77

description of fire-making by Eskimo 290

quoted on Eskimo burials 426

quoted on Eskimo amulets 434

cited on Indian medicine-men 167

Deer, Eskimo lance for hunting 240-244

Demarcation Point (Alaska), called Herschel Island 26

Eskimo villages at 43

Demons, Eskimo belief concerning 431-434

Dippers of Eskimo, of horn 101, 102

of ivory 103

Diseases of the Point Barrow Eskimo 39-40

Divorce among the Eskimo 411-412

Doctors, Eskimo 422-423

Dogs of the Eskimo 357-360

Dolls of Eskimo children 380-381

Domestic life of the Eskimo 410-421

Drags for hauling seal 256-259

Drill bows of the Eskimo 176-182

Drills of the Eskimo 175-182, 189

Drinking vessels of Eskimo 101-105

Drinks of the Point Barrow Eskimo 64-65

Drums of the Eskimo 385

Drumsticks of the Eskimo 388

E.

Earrings of the Eskimo 142-143

Eating, time and frequency of, among Point Barrow Eskimo 63-64

Egede, Hans, work consulted 22

cited on Eskimo diet 64

cited on Eskimo drinks 65

description of Eskimo tents 85

cited on Eskimo saws 174

cited on Eskimo bows 199

cited on seal catching 256, 269

description of Eskimo deer hunt 265

cited on Eskimo whale hunting 272, 275

cited on Eskimo fishing 284, 286

cited on Eskimo fire making 290

cited on Eskimo umiak rowing 335

cited on Eskimo umiak oars 339, 343

quoted on Eskimo divorce 412

cited on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413

quoted on treatment of Eskimo women 414

cited on Eskimo customs in childbirth 415

quoted on personal habits of Greenlanders 421

cited on Eskimo mortuary custom 424

quoted on burial of Eskimo children 426

cited on Eskimo burials 427

Ellis, H., work consulted 22

cited on Eskimo fire making 290

Elson, —, visited Refuge Inlet, Alaska 52

visited Point Barrow 65

cited on Eskimo salutations 422

Elson Bay, Alaska, location of 27

Eskimo of Point Barrow, isolation of 26

range of 26-27

Excavating tools of the Eskimo 302-304

F.

Feces and entrails of animals eaten by Point Barrow Eskimo 62

Feather-setter for making Eskimo arrows 294

Festivals of the Eskimo 365, 373-376

Fetus of reindeer eaten by Point Barrow Eskimo 61

Files of the Eskimo 182

Finger rings of the Eskimo 149

Firearms, introduction of and use by the Point Barrow Eskimo 53

Firearms of the Eskimo 193-195

Fire making by the Eskimo, with drill 289-291

with flint and steel 291

kindlings 291

Fishery season among the Eskimo 282-283

Fishes of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 58

Fishhooks of the Eskimo 279-284

Fishing, manner of, by the Eskimo 283

Fishing implements of the Eskimo 278-287

Fish lines of the Eskimo 278-284

Fish nets of the Eskimo 284-286

Fish scaler of the Eskimo 311

Flint flakers of the Eskimo 287-289

Flint working by the Eskimo 287-289

Flipper toggles for Eskimo harpoons 247

Floats for Eskimo seal darts 215

for Eskimo whale harpoons 236, 246-247

Food of the Point Barrow Eskimo 61-63

Food, preparation of, by Point Barrow Eskimo 63

Fox, Eskimo method of hunting 264

Franklin, Sir John, works consulted 22

cited on Eskimo deer-hunting 265

cited on Eskimo mode of carrying infants 416

cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352

Frobisher, works consulted 22

cited on Eskimo bows 200

cited on Eskimo arrows 205

description of Eskimo umiak 339

Frocks of Eskimo 113-121

G.

Gambling among the Eskimo 364-365

Games of the Eskimo 364

Ghosts, Eskimo belief concerning 431-434

Gilder, W. H., work consulted 22

cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259

quoted on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413

cited on Eskimo children 419

Gloves of Eskimo 124

Goggles, snow, of the Eskimo 260-262

Gorgets of the Eskimo 370

Government among the Eskimo, in the family 437

in the village 427

influence of elders 427

public opinion 427-428

“chiefs” are simply wealthy men 429-430

influence of property in 428-430

umialiks 429-430

Graah, W. A., works consulted 22

quoted on Eskimo ghosts or demons 431

H.

Hardisty, Wm. Lucas, letter of, regarding Rat Indians 50-51

Harness for Eskimo dogs 358-360

Harpoon boxes of the Eskimo 247-251

Harpoons of the Eskimo, for throwing 218-233

retrieving 230-231

for thrusting 233-240

Hazen, Wm. B., acknowledgments to 20

Habitations of Point Barrow Eskimo 72-86

Habits, personal, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 420-421

Hair, Eskimo, method of wearing 140-142

Hall, Charles Francis, works consulted 22

cited on Eskimo whale fishery 274

cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353

Hammers of the Eskimo 182

Handles for Eskimo drill cords 180

for Eskimo tool bags 190

for Eskimo seal drags 237-239

for Eskimo drums 386-387

Head bands, use of, by the Eskimo 112

Head clothing of Eskimo 112

Healing among the Eskimo 422-423

Henshaw, W. H., cited on amulets of Eskimo 439

Herendeen, E. P., interpreter of Point Barrow expedition 19

cited on Eskimo reindeer-hunting 256

cited on float for whaling 247

cited on Eskimo whale-hunting 272

cited on Eskimo gambling 364

description of Eskimo dance 374-375

Holm, G., work consulted 22

description of Eskimo house by 77

description of Eskimo tattooing 139

quoted on Eskimo marriages 411, 412, 413

quoted on Eskimo children 416, 418

quoted on Eskimo burials 425, 426

quoted on Eskimo government 427

quoted on Eskimo amulets 441

Hooper, C. L., work consulted 23

description of Eskimo kû´dyĭgi 80

description of Eskimo tattooing 138

cited on Eskimo knives 159

cited on firearms among the Eskimo 193

cited on Eskimo spears 240

Hospitality, prevalence of, among Point Barrow Eskimo 42

prevents saving of food by Point Barrow Eskimo 64

House, winter, of the Eskimo 72-78

plans of 72, 73, 77

entrance passage to 73

interior of 73, 74

window of 74

sleeping place of 74, 75

heating of 74

furniture of 75

number of occupants of 75

when occupied 76

built of bones 77

Household utensils of the Eskimo. (See Utensils, household.)

Hunting, methods of the Eskimo, the polar bear 263

the wolf 263-264

the fox 264

the reindeer 264-268

the seal 268-272

Hunting, methods of the Eskimo, the walrus 272

the whale 272-276

fowl 276-278

Hunting scores of the Eskimo 361-364

I.

Ice, formation and movements of, at Point Barrow, Alaska 31-32

Ice creepers of Eskimo 135

Iglu (See House, winter, of Eskimo.)

Ikpikpûñ River, Alaska, location of 29

Imérnya, Alaska, location of 27

Implements of the Eskimo. (See Tools of the Eskimo.)

Implements, Eskimo, for procuring and preparing food 310-316

Indians of Northern Alaska, intercourse of the Point Barrow Eskimo with 49

Indicators used in catching seal 254-255

Insects of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 59

International Polar expedition, organization and work of 19

Isolation of the Point Barrow Eskimo 26

Itkû´dlîñ, habitat and description of 49-51

J.

Jigger of Eskimo, fishing tackle 282, 283

K.

Kaiaks of the Eskimo 328-335

Kane, Elisha Kent, works consulted 23

cited on Eskimo frocks 118

cited on Eskimo harpoons 222, 243

description of Eskimo kaiak by 334

description of Eskimo dog harness 359

Kilauwitawiñ, Alaska, Eskimo village 44

Klutschak, Heinrich W., work consulted 24

cited on Eskimo wolf killers 259

cited on Eskimo deer hunting 268

cited on Eskimo customs of childbirth 415

Knives of the Eskimo, general description 150-165

method of using 150-151

of slate, for men 151-155

of whalebone 155

of iron and steel 155-160

of flint 160

for women 161-164

fish-cutters 164-165

for cutting snow and ice 304-305

Koyukun Indians of Alaska, character of 50, 51

Krause Brothers, work consulted 23

cited on Eskimo archery 207

cited on Eskimo bolas 246

cited on Eskimo fowl hunting 278

quoted on burial of Eskimo 426

quoted on Eskimo property customs 428, 429

Kuáru River, Alaska, position of 29

Kûdyĭgi, use of term by Eskimo 79-80

Kulúiagrua, or Meade River, Alaska, description of 29

Eskimo fishing in 58

Kumlien, Ludwig, work consulted 23

cited on Eskimo knives 161

cited on Eskimo arrows 201

cited on Eskimo archery 207

cited on Eskimo harpoons 221

cited on Eskimo lance 242

cited on seal burrows 271

cited on Eskimo fishing 287

cited on Eskimo umiak 343

cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352

cited on Eskimo masks 370

cited on marriage ceremonies of Eskimo 411

cited on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413

cited on childbirth customs of Eskimo 415

cited on Eskimo’s method of carrying infants 416

quoted on Eskimo amulets 437

Kûñmûdliñ, habitat of 43, 45, 46, 47

Kupûñmiun, habitat of 45, 48, 49

L.

Labrets of the Eskimo, description of 143-148

lancets for making incision for 144

plug for enlarging hole for 144

glass stopples used for 145

Ladles of Eskimo, of horn 104

of bone 104-105

Lamplighters of Eskimo 106

Lamps of Eskimo 105-109

Lances of the Eskimo, for whale 240-242

for bear 240

for deer 240-244

Liquors, introduction among the Point Barrow Eskimo 54

taste for, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 65

List of works consulted in preparation of paper on Point Barrow Eskimo 20-25

Lyon, G. F., work consulted 23

description of Eskimo houses 72

cited on Eskimo harpoons 221

cited on Eskimo fire-making 290

cited on Eskimo snow shovels 306

cited on Eskimo needlecases 322

cited on Eskimo basket weaving 327

cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333, 334

cited on Eskimo umiaks 339

cited on Eskimo sledge-shoes 353

M.

Maguire, commander of ship Plover, report of, consulted 23

visit of, to Point Barrow, Alaska 52

cited on Eskimo reindeer hunting 268

cited on Eskimo salutations 422

Mammals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-56

Mantles of Eskimo 121-122

Marker for meat cache of the Eskimo 262-263

Marline spike of the Eskimo 291-292

Marriage customs of the Eskimo 410-413

Masks of the Eskimo 365-370

Mason, Otis T., acknowledgments to 20

cited on Eskimo basket weaving 326

Massingberd, Francis C., quoted on the Carmelites 358

Mattocks of the Eskimo 302-304

Mauls of the Eskimo, of stone 93-97

of bone 97-99

evolution of 98-99

McClure, cited on Eskimo whale fishery 276

Medicine, Eskimo 422-423

Medicine-men of the Eskimo 422-423

Mesh sticks of the Eskimo 312-315

Minerals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 60-61

Mittens of Eskimo 123, 125

Morality of the Point Barrow Eskimo 41

Mortuary customs of the Eskimo 423-427

Mourning, Eskimo customs of 425

Mouthpiece for Eskimo drills 179

Music of the Eskimo 385-389

Musical instruments of the Eskimo 385-388

N.

Names among Point Barrow Eskimo 42-43

Narcotics, use of, by the Point Barrow Eskimo 65-72

Necklaces, of the Eskimo 148

Needles, sewing, of the Eskimo 318-319

netting, of the Eskimo 312-313

Needle cases of the Eskimo 318, 320-322

Netting needles of the Eskimo 312-313

Netting tools of the Eskimo 312-315

Netting weights of the Eskimo 315-316

Nets of the Eskimo, for catching seal 251

for catching fish 284-286

Nomenclature of the Eskimo of Northern Alaska 42-43, 46-48

Nordenskiöld, Adolf Eric, work consulted 24

describes bone-crushers of Eskimo 96

mention of Eskimo lamplighters 106

cited on clothing of Eskimo 110, 122

cited on Eskimo labrets 148

cited on Eskimo harpoons 220

cited on Eskimo bolas 246

cited on Eskimo seal rattle 254

cited on seal catching 270

cited on Eskimo fishing 283, 285, 286

cited on fire-making by Eskimo 289

cited on Eskimo skin-scrapers 298

cited on Eskimo ice picks 304

describes Eskimo ice scoop 309

cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333

cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353

cited on Eskimo dog harness 359, 360

cited on Eskimo masks 370

cited on Eskimo drums 385

cited on Eskimo drawings 410

quoted on character of Eskimo children 418

quoted on indoor habits of Eskimo 420, 421

cited on Eskimo burials 426

cited on Eskimo government 430

cited on Eskimo superstitions 434

cited on Eskimo amulets 441

Nunatañmiun, intercourse of with the Point Barrow Eskimo 44-45, 48

Nuwŭk, Alaska, location of 26

population of 43

description of 79

O.

Oars for Eskimo umiak 338-340

Oldmixon, Geo. Scott, surgeon of Point Barrow expedition 19

Ooglaamie, Alaska, name used by mistake 26

Ornaments of the Eskimo, tattooing 138-140

painting 140

earrings 142-143

labrets 143-145

necklaces 148

bracelets 148-149

finger rings 149

beads 149

Orthography of Eskimo words 20

Owen, L. C., cited on Eskimo whale fishery 276

P.

Paddles for Eskimo kaiaks 331-335

Painting of face by Eskimo 140

Painting of the Eskimo 390-392

Pantaloons of Eskimo 126-189

Parry, Wm. Edward, works consulted 24

cited on Eskimo diet 61

description of Eskimo lamp 106

cited on Eskimo frocks 115

cited on Eskimo knives 157, 160

cited on Eskimo saws 174

cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333

account of Eskimo music by 389

quoted on treatment of Eskimo women 413, 414

cited on character of Eskimo women 420

quoted on Eskimo burials 426

cited on Eskimo amulets 436, 440

Pastimes of the Eskimo 364

Petitot, E. F. J., works of, on the Eskimo 24

nomenclature of the Eskimo people 46-48, 51

description of Eskimo house by 77

description of Eskimo lamps by 106

description of Eskimo clothing by 120, 123, 129, 138

cited on Eskimo mode of wearing the hair 140, 141

cited on Eskimo labrets 143

cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353

description of method of carrying Eskimo infants by 416

quoted on Eskimo amulets 440

Petroff, Ivan, work consulted 24

cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259

cited on Eskimo burials 427

cited on Eskimo "chiefs" 429

Physical characteristics of Point Barrow Eskimo 33-39

Pickers for pipes, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 67

Picks and pickaxes of the Eskimo 302-304, 307-308

Pipe, extemporized, by an Eskimo 68

Pipes, description of, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 66-68, 70-71

Eskimo terms for 70

Plants of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 59-60

Point Barrow, Alaska, topography of region of 27-29

Plover, the visit of the, to Point Barrow, Alaska 52

Polygamy among the Eskimo 411

Population of Point Barrow Eskimo 43

Pots of the Eskimo, description of 90-92

Pouches, tobacco, description of, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 68-69

Property rights among the Eskimo 428-430

Prostitution among the Eskimo 419-420

Psychical characteristics of the Point Barrow Eskimo 40-42

Q.

Quiver rods of the Eskimo 209

Quivers of the Eskimo 207-209

R.

Rae, John, work consulted 24

cited on Eskimo fire-making 290

Rainfall at Point Barrow, Alaska 31

Rain-frocks of Eskimo 122

Rat Indians of Alaska 49-50

Rattles for decoying seal 254

Rau, Charles, cited on Eskimo knives 164, 165

cited on Eskimo bird darts 214

Ray, P. H., commander of Fort Barrow expedition 19

works consulted 24

description of pits for trapping reindeer 268

description of Eskimo house, kû´dyĭgi 80

cited on Eskimo diet 64

cited on Eskimo property marks 428

quoted on Eskimo ghosts 432

cited on Eskimo tabu 434

description of Eskimo dance 374

Reamers, flint bladed, of Eskimo 181-182

Reindeer, Eskimo method of hunting 264-268

Religion of the Eskimo, difficulty of gaining information concerning 430

rôle of the wizards or shamans in 430-131

tuaña, or demons, of 421-434

manner of driving away evil spirits 432-433

seal and walrus heads, superstitions concerning 434

sacrifices to supernatural beings 433

Resources, natural, of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-61

Retrieving harpoon of the Eskimo 230-231

Richardson, Sir John, works consulted 24

cited on Eskimo burials 426

Rink, Henrik Johan, acknowledgments to 20

works consulted 24, 25

description of Eskimo kûdyĭgi 80

description of Eskimo snow houses by 81

cited on Eskimo whale-fishing 274

cited on Eskimo fishing 287

cited on Eskimo kaiaks 332

quoted on property customs of the Eskimo 428, 429

cited on Eskimo demonology 431, 432

cited on Eskimo food superstitions 434

quoted on Eskimo amulets 435, 436, 437

Ross, John, works consulted 25

cited on Eskimo diet 62

Ruins of Eskimo houses near Point Barrow 79

S.

Sail of Eskimo umiak 338

Salutation among the Eskimo 422

Saws of the Eskimo 174-175

Scaffolds, for storage of property, by Point Barrow Eskimo 75-76

Schwatka, Frederick, works consulted 25

cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259

cited on Eskimo sledge-shoes 354

Scoops, ice, of the Eskimo 308-309

Scores, hunting, of the Eskimo 361-364

Scoresby, Capt. William, work consulted 25

cited on Eskimo arrows 207

cited on Eskimo burials 426

Scrapers for dressing skins 294-300

Scratchers for decoying seal 253-254

Seal darts of the Eskimo 214-218

calls for decoying 253-254

rattles for decoying 254

indicators used in catching 254-255

stool used in catching 255

drags for hauling 256-259

methods of hunting 268-272

Eskimo superstition concerning skulls of 434

Sewing, Eskimo implements for 317-323

Shamans, Eskimo 422, 423, 431

Shoes of Eskimo 129-135

Shovels, snow, of the Eskimo 305

Sidaru, Eskimo village of, Alaska 44

Simpson, John, work consulted 25

visit to Point Barrow 52, 53

descriptions of Eskimo houses by 78

descriptions of Eskimo villages 79

cited on ownership of Eskimo dwellings 79

description of Eskimo tents 84

description of Eskimo of Point Barrow 33, 36, 38, 39

“burglar-alarm” of Eskimo described by 41

cited on Eskimo commerce 48

cited on Eskimo language 53

cited on use of tobacco among Eskimo 65

description of Eskimo tents 84

description of Eskimo clothing 110, 125, 128, 130, 138

cited on Eskimo earrings 142

cited on Eskimo labrets 143, 146

cited on Eskimo knives 157, 161

cited on Eskimo arrows 201

cited on Eskimo seal nets 252

cited on Eskimo whale fishery 274

cited on fire-making by Eskimo 289

cited on Eskimo needle cases 322

cited on Eskimo kaiaks 328

cited on Eskimo snowshoes 351, 352

cited on Eskimo festivals 376

description of Eskimo marriage customs 410, 413

cited on Eskimo divorce 412, 413

description of condition of Eskimo women 414

cited on infanticide among Eskimo 417

cited on Eskimo children 419

quoted on conduct of Eskimo women 420

cited on Eskimo "chiefs" 429

cited on Eskimo demonology 431, 433

Simpson, Thomas, work consulted 25

visit of, to Point Barrow 52

cited on use of tobacco by Eskimo 70

cited on Eskimo fishing 285

description of fire-making by Eskimo 289

cited on Eskimo umiak oars 339

quoted on Eskimo salutation 422

Sinker for Eskimo fish line 282

Skin ornamentation by Eskimo, tattooing 138-140

Skin painting 140

Skin-working, Eskimo implements for 294-301

Skulls of seals and walrus, Eskimo superstitions concerning 434

Sledges of the Eskimo 353-357

Slungshot used as Eskimo weapon 191

Smith, E. E., cited on Eskimo whale fishery 275

Smoking, methods and habits of, among Point Barrow Eskimo 69-72

Snowfall at Point Barrow, Alaska 31

Snow house of Eskimo, description of 81-83

fireplace of 81

plan of 82

windows of 82

used as storehouses 83

used as workshops 83

tools used in making 83

Snowshoes of the Eskimo 344-352

Social surroundings of the Point Barrow Eskimo 43-55

Song of the Eskimo 389

Spears of the Eskimo, for fishing 286-287

Spoons of Eskimo 104

Sports of Eskimo children 383-385

Staff, use of by the Eskimo 353

Stockings of Eskimo 129

Stool used by Eskimo in catching seal 255

Subsistence, means of, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 61-65

Surgery, Eskimo 423

Sutherland, P. C., work consulted 25

cited on Eskimo pathology 40

T.

Tabu among the Eskimo, concerning a woman in childbirth 415

on the occasion of a death 423-424

of certain foods to certain persons 433-434

Taρéoρment, habitat of 46-47

Tăsyûkpûñ, Great Lake, Alaska, description of 29-30

Tattooing by Eskimo 138-140

Tempering metals, Eskimo knowledge of 182-183

Tents of the Eskimo, direction of front 79

used as summer dwellings 83

construction of 84

used for women during confinement 86

used for sewing rooms 86

Thimble-boxes of the Eskimo 322-323

Thimbles of the Eskimo 318-319

Thongs, manufacture of by the Eskimo 301-302

Thread, Eskimo 317-318

Throwing-boards for Eskimo seal-darts 217-218

Tobacco, use of, by the Point Barrow Eskimo 65-73

Eskimo terms for 71

introduction of among the Eskimo 71-72

Toilet articles of the Eskimo 149-150

Tool-bags of the Eskimo 187-190

Tool-boxes of the Eskimo 185-187

Tools of the Eskimo, knives 150-165

adzes 165-172

chisels 172-173

whalebone shaves 173-174

saws 174-175

drills 175-182, 189

bow drills 176-182

reamers 181-182

awls 181-182

hammers 182

files 182

whetstones 185

for excavating 302-304

picks and pickaxes 302-304, 307-308

mattocks 302-304

for building 302-304

for snow and ice working 304-309

(See also Utensils.)

Toys of Eskimo children, whirligigs 376-377

teetotums 378

buzzes 378

whizzing-sticks 379

pebble-snappers 379

dolls 380-381

kaiak paddler 381-383

imitation implements 383

Transportation, means of, by the Eskimo 328-360

Traps of the Eskimo 260

Traveling, Eskimo means of 328-360

Trays used by Eskimo 99-101

Tuaña, or demons of the Eskimo 431-434

Tubs of the Eskimo 86-88

Tunes of the Eskimo 388-389

Tupĕk. (See Tents of the Eskimo.)

Turner, Lucien M., acknowledgments to 20

description of Eskimo lamps 108

cited on Eskimo records 177

cited on Eskimo seal darts 214

cited on Eskimo seal nets 252

cited on Eskimo kaiaks 332

cited on Eskimo umiaks 343

cited on Eskimo ornament 390

Twisters for making Eskimo bows 292-294

U.

Umiaks of the Eskimo 335-344

Umialiks, Eskimo 429-430

Utensils, household, of the Eskimo, canteens 86

wallets 86

buckets 86-88

tubs 86-88

meat bowls 89

pots 90-93

bone crushers 93-99

mauls 93-99

trays 99-101

drinking vessels 101-105

Utkīavwīñ, Alaska, location of 26

signification of name 26

population of 43

description of 79

V.

Villages, arrangement of Eskimo 79

W.

Wallets of the Eskimo 86

Walrus, Eskimo method of hunting 272

Weapons of the Eskimo, hand-club 191

slung-shot 191

bone daggers 191-192

firearms 193-195

whaling guns 195

bows 195-200

arrows 201-207

bear arrows 202

bow cases and quivers 207

bracers 209-210

bird darts 210-214

seal darts 214-218

harpoons, for casting 218-233

harpoons, for thrusting 233-240

lances 240-244

bolas for birds 244-246

Weaving, Eskimo tools for 316-317

Whale, Eskimo lance for hunting 240-242

Whalebone shaves of the Eskimo 173-174

Whaling guns of the Eskimo 195

Whetstones of the Eskimo 183-185

Widows, Eskimo 414

Wife-beating among the Eskimo 414

Wizards, Eskimo 430-431

Wolf, Eskimo methods of killing 259

Eskimo method of hunting 263-264

Women, Eskimo, condition and treatment of 413-414

prostitution among 419

Words, foreign, introduced among the Point Barrow Eskimo 55

##### Error in Index

Hooper, C. L., ... description of Eskimo kû´dyĭgi
kû´idyĭgi

#### Errors and Inconsistencies

Missing . in figure captions has been silently supplied. Spelling in citations, including all French sources, is unchanged unless otherwise noted.

##### Unexpected Forms

A few words have ä (a with umlaut) where â or ā (long a) was expected:

nä´nu (polar bear: both occurrences of the word)
wooden partitions called sä´potĭn
Nägawau´ra, now deceased
deadfalls or steel traps (nänori´a)
dancing caps (kă´brû, käluka´)

The spelling “slungshot” is used consistently.

##### Inconsistencies

The spellings “Inuit” and “Innuit” (including “an Innuit” in one quoted passage) both occur.

The word “Arctic” is generally capitalized, but exceptions were too frequent to regularize.

Names of ships such as Vega are rarely italicized, and scientific names never. All are shown as printed.

##### Hyphenization

Forms were only changed when there was a clear pattern. This list is not meant to be comprehensive:

northeast, northwest; southeast, southwest never hyphenated

ridgepole; tiestring, bowstring, drawstring

woodenware, smoothbore, midleg, handboard

pipestem, sealthong, centerbit

whale-fish, whale-skin, whale-iron, whale-harpoon
but whalebone, whaleman/whalemen

breechloader but muzzle-loader, -loading

foreshaft and fore-shaft, treenail and tree-nail

Words in -skin are generally hyphenated, but exceptions are not marked. The forms “needlecase” (one word, no hyphen) and “needle case” (two words) both occur.