## `stats::modal` -- the modal (most frequent) value(s)

#### Introduction

`stats::modal``(data)` returns the most frequent value(s) of the data.

#### Call(s)

`stats::modal(x1, x2, ..)`
`stats::modal([x1, x2, ..])`
`stats::modal(s <, c>)`

#### Parameters

`x1, x2, ..` | - | the statistical data: arithmetical expressions.
`s` | - | a sample of domain type `stats::sample`.
`c` | - | an integer representing a column index of the sample `s`. This column provides the data `x1`, `x2` etc.

#### Returns

an arithmetical expression.

#### Returns

a sequence consisting of a list and an integer. The list contains the most frequent element(s) in the data, the integer specifies the number of occurrences. E.g., the result ```[data5, data10], 21`'' means that `data5` and `data10` are the most frequent data items, each occurring 21 times.

#### Related Functions

`stats::a_quantil`, `stats::geometric`, `stats::harmonic`, `stats::mean`, `stats::median`, `stats::quadratic`, `stats::stdev`, `stats::variance`

#### Details

- The column index `c` is optional, if the data are given by a `stats::sample` object containing only one non-string column. Cf. example 3.

#### Example 1

We calculate the modal value of a data sequence:

    >> stats::modal(2, a, b, c, b, 10, 12, 2, b)

                                      [b], 3

Alternatively, the data may be passed as a list:

    >> stats::modal([a, a, a, b, c, b, 10, 12, 2, b])

                                     [a, b], 3

#### Example 2

We create a sample containing ``age'' and ``gender'':

    >> stats::sample([[32, "f"], [25, "m"], [40, "f"], [23, "f"]])

                                     32  "f"
                                     25  "m"
                                     40  "f"
                                     23  "f"

The modal value of the second column (the most frequent ``gender'') is calculated:

    >> stats::modal(%, 2)

                                     ["f"], 3

#### Example 3

We create a sample consisting of only one column:

    >> stats::sample([4, 6, 2, 6, 8, 3, 2, 1, 7, 9, 3, 6, 5, 1, 6, 8]):

The modal value of these data is calculated. In this case the column does not have to be specified, since there is only one column:

    >> stats::modal(%)

                                      [6], 4

#### Changes

- new function

Do you have questions or comments?
Copyright © SciFace Software GmbH & Co. KG 2000